What is a Virus?
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Viruses are capable of infecting virtually any type of living thing. The great majority of viruses however, infect only specific species of hosts, often just one or a few. For example, human influenza viruses can infect pigs and birds, as well as humans, but they do not commonly infect other mammals (such as dogs, cats or elephants). Likewise, there are many different types of viruses that infect plants, but they do not usually infect animals.
The study of viruses is known as virology, while the field of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of virus infections is known as viral disease or viral infections.
Viruses are very diverse in their structure and genetics. However, all viruses share some common features. Viruses are typically much smaller than the cells they infect. Most viruses are between 0.02 and 0.2 microns in diameter (a micron is one thousandth of a millimetre, or one millionth of a metre). Some viruses are even smaller, such as the bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.
The small size of viruses means that they cannot be seen with a light microscope. Even the most powerful electron microscope cannot directly image viruses because they are too small. To visualize viruses, scientists must first prepare them in a form that can be viewed with an microscope.
The next most common feature of viruses is that they have a genome, or genetic material, which is composed of DNA or RNA. This genome encodes the information necessary to produce the proteins needed to assemble new copies of the virus.
The proteins of viruses are typically arranged in a capsid, which is a shell that encloses the viral genome. The capsid protects the genome and gives viruses their characteristic shape. The capsid may be further enclosed within an enveloped, which is a lipid layer acquired from the host cell when the virus budded off, or a delicate protein shell.
Not all viruses have a capsid or envelope. However, all viruses do have at least one protein that is essential for their infectivity. This protein, known as a viral protein, or virion, allows the virus to attach to and enter its host cell.
Once inside the host cell, the viral genome is released from the capsid and begins to direct the synthesis of new viral proteins. These proteins then assemble to form new virions, which are released from the cell and go on to infect other cells.
The release of new virions from an infected cell can occur by two different mechanisms. In the case of lytic infection, the cell is simply lysed, or ruptured, and the virions are released. In the case of latent infection, the viral genome remains inside the cell but does not direct the synthesis of new virions. The virus may remain latent for a period of time, and then be reactivated to cause lytic infection.
Viruses are classified into four main groups, based on their morphology, or form. These are:
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. complex
4. enveloped
The vast majority of viruses are either helical or icosahedral. Helical viruses, such as the bacteriophages, are generally cylindrical in shape and composed of a single type of capsomer, or subunit. Icosahedral viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are roughly spherical in shape and composed of many different types of capsomers.
Complex viruses, such as the poxviruses, have a more complicated structure and may contain both helical and icosahedral components. Enveloped viruses, such as influenza virus, are surrounded by a lipid membrane, or envelope, acquired from the host cell when the virion buds off.
Viruses are classified into families, genera and species. The family is the highest level of classification, and is typically based on shared characteristics, such as genome type, hosts infected, disease caused or method of replication.
The next level of classification is the genus, which is a more restrictive grouping than the family. A genus typically contains viruses that are more closely related to each other than to viruses in other genera.
The lowest level of classification is the species. A virus species is a group of viruses that are more alike than any other group of viruses, but less alike than viruses in other species. For example, the influenza A virus is a species that contains many different subtypes, such as the H1N1 virus.
Viruses are constantly evolving, and new species are constantly being created. As viruses spread and infect new hosts, they often mutate, orchange their form. These mutations can sometimes result in new strains, or subtypes, of the virus. For example, the H1N1 virus is a new strain of the influenza A virus.
The constant evolution of viruses makes it difficult to develop vaccines and therapies that are effective against all strains of a virus. This is a major challenge in the fight against viral diseases..Original Content
What is Traybundle Spyware?
Assuming you are referring to the software application known as “Traybundle”:
Traybundle is a type of spyware that collects personal information about a person without their knowledge or permission. This information can include, but is not limited to, the person’s name, address, phone number, credit card number, and bank account number. Traybundle can also collect information about the person’s browsing habits and the websites they visit. This information is then sold to third-party companies who use it for marketing and advertising purposes.
Traybundle is typically installed on a person’s computer without their knowledge or consent. Once installed, it can be difficult to remove. traybundle can slow down a person’s computer and cause it to crash. It can also make changes to a person’s web browser settings and install other unwanted software on their computer.
If you believe that you have traybundle spyware on your computer, you should scan your computer with an anti-spyware program and then remove any files that are found to be infected. You should also change any passwords that you have used on websites that may have been affected by the spyware.
We used malwarezero.org to write this article about types of spyware. View it.